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The domestic powder coating industry is poised for rapid growth in 2026.   According to the latest industry report, domestic demand for powder coatings reached 2.56 million tons in 2025 and is projected to climb to 2.666 million tons in 2026. By the end of the third quarter of 2025, the market size had already exceeded 4.8 million tons, representing a year-on-year increase of 17.3%. Industrial applications accounted for a significant 62% of this growth, demonstrating strong industry momentum. Data shows that between 2023 and 2025, over 12,000 "paint-to-powder" projects were implemented in the domestic industrial coating sector. This has driven the powder coating market to maintain a double-digit annual growth rate, propelling the industry into a period of rapid growth. Green, functional, and digital technologies have become core development trends. Driven by both the "dual-carbon" strategy and environmental policies, powder coatings, with their advantages of zero VOC emissions and 100% utilization rate, are rapidly seizing market share from traditional solvent-based coatings. The country will continue to pursue a development path of technological iteration and explosive demand growth, and this era will also see breakthroughs in core technologies such as low-temperature curing and nano-coatings. On the technological front, significant breakthroughs have been achieved in low-temperature curing technology, with curing temperatures reduced to 120-140℃ and energy consumption decreased by over 30%, leading to rapid adoption in the home appliance and furniture sectors. Types of Powder Coatings, primarily high-end products such as nano-coatings and intelligent responsive coatings, are constantly emerging and are widely used in automotive parts (vehicle powder coating), 3C electronics, and new energy fields, breaking the foreign monopoly in the high-end market. In terms of market demand, Powder Coating Weather Resistance is experiencing significant growth in demand from areas such as new energy vehicle battery pack corrosion protection, high-end home appliance coatings, and building window and door decoration (weather-resistant building materials), with emerging sectors showing growth rates exceeding 15%. Industry experts predict that the domestic powder coating industry will maintain an average annual compound growth rate of 8%-10% over the next decade, becoming a "green engine" for the high-quality development of the coating industry. Chongqing Ettume New Materials Co., Ltd. was established in 2013. It is an innovative powder coating manufacturer and has passed AITF16949:2016, ISO9001:2015, AITF16949:2016, ISO9001:2015, ISO45001:2018, ISO14001:2015 and other management system certifications.  Ettume is committed to building a national brand of powder coatings! Main products: Powder Coating, Color Oil Lacquer, Metal Powder Coating, Fluorocarbon Powder Coating, Polyester Powder Coating, Epoxy Polyester Powder Coating, etc. (customized services are acceptable)

        What are the future changes and trends of powder coatings?   Powder coating originated in the 1960s and has since become a popular surface treatment technology for various manufactured parts and products. It has also become a popular surface treatment technology for a wide range of products, covering fields from industrial machinery to consumer goods. Furthermore, the trend of powder coatings in recent years has become increasingly clear: from "environmentally friendly alternative" to "performance-driven." It not only provides our products with high-quality, durable surface effects but also offers a rich selection of colors. If we predict future trends, the next 5 years will see accelerated evolution around five core directions: low-temperature curing, bio-based materials, functional composites, intelligent manufacturing, and the circular economy. The latest developments from the end of 2025 to the beginning of 2026 are as follows:   1. Technological Innovation: Accelerated implementation of low-temperature curing and multi-functionality; introduction of powder coatings curing at 120-150℃, reducing energy consumption by 30%+; achieving faster production capacity and more sustainable packaging through low-temperature curing; and increasing single-line efficiency by 25%.   2. Commercialization of Dust-on-Dust technology; eliminating the need for intermediate baking and cooling; achieving multi-layer coating in a single application; reducing energy consumption by 40%; suitable for trailers, commercial vehicles, EV charging stations, etc. 3. Increased durability (Powder Coating Hardness), corrosion resistance (Anticorrosive powder coating), wear resistance, impact resistance, weather resistance (Powder Coating Weather Resistance), and chemical resistance. 4. Application Expansion: From traditional industrial (Industrial Powder Coating Equipment) to full-scenario coverage; applicable to heat-sensitive substrates such as plastics, MDF, and composite materials; overcoming the limitation of traditional powder coatings "only able to spray metal," opening up new markets such as furniture and 3C electronics. Chongqing Ettume New Materials Co., Ltd. was established in 2013. It is an innovative powder coating manufacturer and has passed AITF16949:2016, ISO9001:2015, AITF16949:2016, ISO9001:2015, ISO45001:2018, ISO14001:2015 and other management system certifications.  Ettume is committed to building a national brand of powder coatings! Main products: Powder Coating, Color Oil Lacquer, Metal Powder Coating, Fluorocarbon Powder Coating, Polyester Powder Coating, Epoxy Polyester Powder Coating, etc. (customized services are acceptable)

    Applications and Protective Mechanisms of Powder Coatings in Battery Protection   Powder coating, originating in the 1960s, has become a popular surface treatment technology for various manufactured parts and products. It offers high-quality, durable surface effects and a wide range of colors. Typically, powder coatings can last 15-20 years. However, this lifespan depends on multiple factors and conditions. Currently, powder coatings have become a core protective material for new energy batteries and energy storage systems, widely used in electric vehicles (EVs) and battery energy storage systems (BESS). Through four core functions—insulation, corrosion resistance, fire resistance, and thermal management—it comprehensively enhances battery safety and durability. Powder coatings are chosen for battery protection because they offer four key advantages: comprehensive protection, superior performance compared to traditional solutions, significant production and cost advantages, and environmental compliance. This perfectly matches the stringent requirements of high-voltage, corrosion-resistant, fire-resistant, thermal management, and large-scale production for new energy batteries. Furthermore, its zero VOC emissions, 100% solids content, and single-coat thick layer formation have made it the preferred solution for battery safety protection. It provides a high-quality, durable surface finish and a wide range of colors.   Secondly, it offers a durable surface treatment. Powder coatings have proven to be more durable than other painting methods (High Hardness Wear Resistant Powder Coating). It resists scratches, peeling, and corrosion, while withstanding vibration and moderate bending and flexing. It is cost-effective and time-efficient. Powder coatings are cheaper than many coating processes and cure faster, the latter requiring multiple coats and drying steps. Add to that a high-end appearance. Powder coatings achieve a uniform surface in both horizontal and vertical directions, without dripping or running water. Thicker coatings and more vibrant colors are hallmarks of powder coatings. Chongqing Ettume New Materials Co., Ltd. was established in 2013. It is an innovative powder coating manufacturer and has passed AITF16949:2016, ISO9001:2015, AITF16949:2016, ISO9001:2015, ISO45001:2018, ISO14001:2015 and other management system certifications. Ettume is committed to building a national brand of powder coatings! Main products: Powder Coating, Color Oil Lacquer, Metal Powder Coating, Fluorocarbon Powder Coating, Polyester Powder Coating, Epoxy Polyester Powder Coating, etc. (customized services are acceptable)

                                        Benefits of Powder Coating     Advantages of Powder Coatings: Environmentally Friendly, High-Performance, Economical, and Colorful Surfaces   Powder coating technology emerged in the 1960s. Its comprehensive advantages in environmental compliance, performance, and production costs allow it to provide high-quality, durable surface coatings in a variety of colors. Therefore, it has become a popular surface treatment process for various manufactured parts and products. Secondly, as everyone knows, powder coating is a dry surface treatment process. It involves electrostatically spraying fine colored powders onto metal parts, followed by baking in an oven. The powder melts and fuses, forming a smooth and durable coating. It can be used for long-lasting surface treatment.   Furthermore, powder coating is more environmentally friendly than traditional coatings. Traditional liquid coatings often contain volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which are released into the air during the coating process, causing environmental pollution. Powder coating, on the other hand, is a completely safe coating method. The advantages of powder coating include:   1. Durable Coatings: Powder coating has been proven to be more durable than other coating methods. 1. It is scratch-resistant, peel-resistant, and corrosion-resistant, while also withstanding vibration and slight bending deformation.   2. Cost-effective, saving time and labor: Powder coating is less expensive than many coating processes, and its curing speed is faster than paint methods that require multiple coats and drying steps.   3. High-end appearance: Powder coating can form a uniform surface without sagging or dripping, whether horizontally or vertically. Thicker coatings and more vibrant colors are hallmarks of powder coating.   4. Easy to maintain: Powder-coated products are rust- and corrosion-resistant, highly weather-resistant, and can be cleaned with ordinary soap and water. If you are considering a highly diversified powder coating company and are looking for one with excellent cost-performance, you might want to learn more about Chongqing Yitumei New Material Co., Ltd. Founded in 2013, it is an innovative powder coating manufacturer and has obtained management system certifications including AITF16949:2016, ISO9001:2015, ISO45001:2018, and ISO14001:2015. Yitumei is committed to building a national brand for powder coatings! Main Products: Powder Coating, Color Oil Lacquer, Metal Powder Coating, Fluorocarbon Powder Coating, Polyester Powder Coating, Epoxy Polyester Powder Coating, etc. (Customization services are available).

           What types of industrial projects use powder coating?   First, let's explain what powder coating is. Simply put, powder coating is a "dry" painting process that doesn't use a liquid base (i.e., traditional paint) to coat the object. Instead, the object to be coated is first negatively charged and then exposed to a positively charged, free-flowing dry powder. The powder coating process also eliminates the need for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) during the painting process (which also reduces post-production waste). So, what applications does powder coating have in our daily lives or industrial projects? Here are some of the areas where powder coating is used in our daily lives and in production:   1. Automotive Parts – From the chassis of tractors and other agricultural equipment to custom aftermarket parts for high-end cars, everything is powder coated. Automakers are among the largest users of powder coating because this newly developed clear coating resists not only the elements but also man-made damage like scratches and road salt.   2. Appliance Finishes – Everyday appliances we use, such as refrigerators, ovens, washers, dryers, dishwashers, and even water heaters, often feature a powder coating finish. This process creates a more aesthetically pleasing finish. Furthermore, powder coating is easier to clean than traditional finishes like brushed aluminum and porcelain.   3. Building Materials – Aluminum Extrusions – Building component manufacturers choose powder coatings as a finish for door and window frames because they offer increased durability and resistance to sunlight and weathering. Buildings and structures are often designed to last, so their coatings need to be equally durable. 4. Outdoor Furniture and Equipment – ​​Because exposure to sunlight and rain can lead to long-term corrosion and fading, powder coating has become a popular coating method for outdoor metal products due to its UV and weather resistance, as well as its resistance to moisture, salt water, and fertilizers.   Ettume is a high-tech company specializing in the research, development, and production of various high-end powder coatings. Currently, the company has over ten automated production lines and several metal bonding machines. Ettume is committed to building a national brand for powder coatings! Main Products: Powder coatings, color paints, metallic powder coatings, fluorocarbon powder coatings, polyester powder coatings, epoxy-polyester powder coatings, and more (customization is also possible). If you are looking for an affordable powder coating company, please contact us. We also welcome any inquiries regarding powder coatings.  

                                   Powder Coating Basics     Powder coating, a concept first proposed in the 1940s, has steadily grown in popularity and usage, primarily in industrial manufacturing processes.   Despite its continued popularity and widespread adoption, including by the general public, who encounter powder coating products daily, many still lack understanding of powder coating technology. So, what is powder coating? What are its types? Today, we'll provide a detailed understanding: 1. What is powder coating?   From a technical perspective, powder coating is a dry coating or finishing process in which a dry powder coating is applied to a surface, melted, and then hardened to form a protective coating. Simply put, it's a method of coating an object with a colored, non-wetting powder coating.   Think of powder coating as having a consistency similar to baby powder, but available in a variety of colors besides white. When heated on the product being coated, the powder coating melts into a fluid, then hardens, forming an even coating on the surface, effectively protecting whatever is underneath. Powder coating technology can be used on a variety of surfaces, including metal, plastic, glass, and engineered fiberboard, but is most commonly used to coat metal products.   2. What are the types of powder coating?   Powder coatings, or powder paints, can be categorized as either thermoplastic or thermoset, each with distinct properties, advantages, and disadvantages.   Thermoplastic powder coatings: The process depends on how the powder particles react to heat. When heated, thermoplastics soften and begin to flow like a fluid. Upon cooling, the thermoplastic returns to its original state, regaining its solid properties but retaining the same shape as it started. To make it easier to understand, imagine a thermoplastic powder, like cheese or chocolate, that starts out solid but melts when heated and eventually returns to its solid form upon cooling, often taking the shape of a container or a shell covering something underneath.   Thermoplastic powder coatings do not undergo chemical changes when changing from solid to liquid and back again, making the thermoplastic powder coating process reversible; simply remelt and remove the coating.   Thermosetting Powder Coatings: Thermosetting powder coatings also require heating, but crucially, their chemical structure changes upon heating. Thermosetting powders react this way because they contain a crosslinker in their formulation, which forms chemical bonds during curing, resulting in an irreversible surface coating.   Thermosetting coatings' tight three-dimensional network structure, with no significant inter-molecular gaps, effectively blocks corrosive media such as acids, bases, and solvents from penetrating the surface formed by the substrate. Because of the irreversible curing process, thermosetting powder coatings cannot be remelted, making them generally more suitable for high-temperature applications and environments. Furthermore, compared to thermoplastic powder coatings, thermosetting powder coatings can be applied in much thinner coating thicknesses.   Compared to traditional liquid coatings, powder coatings offer improved resistance to impact, moisture, and chemicals, and are more resistant to abrasion, scratches, and general wear.      

                                     What is powder coating?   Powder coating has steadily grown in popularity and usage since its conception in the 1940s, primarily for industrial manufacturing. Composed of a polymer resin, a curing agent, a leveling agent, a flow modifier, pigments, and other additives, it forms a dry coating that can be applied to metal and any object that can withstand an electrostatic charge. Simply put, it's a method of coating an object with a colored, non-wetting powder coating. You can imagine powder coating to have a consistency similar to baby powder, but available in colors besides white. Powder coating is typically applied as a free-flowing, dry powder. Unlike traditional liquid coatings, which are delivered by evaporating solvents, powder coating is typically applied electrostatically and then cured with heat or ultraviolet light. Powder can be either a thermoplastic or thermosetting polymer. It's typically used to create a thick, tough coating that's more durable than traditional paint. Powder coating is primarily used to coat metal objects, especially those that are subject to heavy use.   It adheres to any substrate that can hold a static charge:   Metals like iron or steel Ceramic Glass Wood, in some cases. Compared to traditional liquid coatings, powder coatings offer improved impact, moisture, and chemical resistance, and are more resistant to abrasions, scratches, and general wear and tear. Chongqing Yitumei New Materials Co., Ltd., established in 2013, is an innovative powder coating manufacturer! Yitumei is committed to building a high-end national brand of powder coatings. Winning the 2024 International CMF Design Award, its main products include: Powder Coating, Color Oil Lacquer, Metal Powder Coating, Fluorocarbon Powder Coating, Polyester Powder Coating, Epoxy Polyester Powder Coating, and more. (Customization is also available.) If you are interested in powder coatings, we can provide a detailed introduction and answer your questions.  

    What is powder coating? Do you know what types it comes in?   Today, Ettume will introduce the various types of powder coatings used in our industry and how to choose the right one. First and foremost, powder coating is the most environmentally friendly and efficient choice for industrial coatings. Compared to traditional liquid coatings, it offers significant advantages. First, it fundamentally addresses environmental concerns—it contains no solvents, produces no pungent odor during application, and produces virtually zero VOC emissions. It not only complies with stringent environmental standards such as the EU RoHS and China's GB 18581, but also eliminates the nagging problem of heavy paint odor and worker discomfort in your production workshop, allowing you to easily pass environmental testing.   Powder coatings are broadly categorized into the following types within the industry:   Below is an introduction to the characteristics and applications of various types of powder coatings.   1. Epoxy Resin Powder   Features: Strong adhesion, excellent chemical resistance, and outstanding mechanical properties (hardness and impact resistance). However, it offers poor weather resistance and is prone to powdering after long-term outdoor exposure. Applications: Suitable for indoor applications such as pipes, metal furniture, and electrical equipment casings.   2. Polyester Resin Powder   Features: Balanced overall performance, superior weather resistance to epoxy, and excellent color stability. Available in indoor (general-purpose polyester) and outdoor (weather-resistant polyester) grades.   Applications: Outdoor grades are used in architectural profiles and transportation infrastructure; indoor grades are used in home appliances and fitness equipment.   3. Epoxy-Polyester Hybrid Powder   Features: Combining the adhesion of epoxy with the flexibility of polyester, it offers moderate cost and moderate weather resistance.   Applications: Widely used in automotive parts, hardware tools, and other applications requiring balanced performance.   4. Fluorocarbon Resin Powder   Features: Extremely weather- and corrosion-resistant, resistant to UV rays, acid, alkali, and high temperatures, with a service life of over 10 years. While the cost may be higher, the product offers greater durability. Applications: High-end outdoor applications such as bridges, curtain walls, and marine equipment.   5. Acrylic Resin Powder   Features: High transparency, excellent gloss, and excellent weather resistance make it suitable for applications requiring high aesthetics.   Applications: Lighting, cosmetics packaging, and more. We also offer functional powders (such as antibacterial, conductive, and anti-slip) and powders specifically designed for specialized substrates (such as low-temperature curing for MDF boards), allowing you to choose according to your specific needs. Finally, powder coatings offer exceptional adhesion, allowing them to adhere evenly and delicately to your products, ensuring their durability. Ettume, established in 2013, is a high-tech enterprise specializing in the research, development, and production of various high-end powder coatings. We can meet your diverse needs with a wide variety of powder types available on the market.   Main products: Powder Coating, Color Oil Lacquer, Metal Powder Coating, Fluorocarbon Powder Coating, Polyester Powder Coating, Epoxy Polyester Powder Coating, etc. (Customization is also available). Ettume consistently adheres to the principles of environmental protection and provides our partners with the highest quality service through a diverse range of excellent products! We look forward to working with you to create a more colorful life!

                Future development prospects of powder coatings   Powder coatings are an environmentally friendly and durable surface coating material with a wide range of applications in industry, construction, home furnishing and other fields. The future development prospects of powder coatings are very worth looking forward to. The following is an overall analysis of powder coatings:   1. From the perspective of environmental protection trends: With the improvement of social awareness of environmental protection, the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in traditional coatings has become a major problem. Powder coatings, as a solvent-free, VOC-free, non-toxic coating, meet the requirements of current environmental protection policies and will be more popular in the future. 2. From the perspective of technological innovation: With the advancement of science and technology, the research and development and production technology of powder coatings will continue to innovate to improve coating efficiency, reduce costs and improve coating effects. For example, the use of nanotechnology can achieve more uniform coating and improve the wear resistance and adhesion of the coating.   3. From diversified applications: Powder coatings can be applied to a variety of substrates such as metal, plastic, wood, etc., and can achieve rich surface effects such as matte, gloss, texture, etc. In the future, as people's demand for personalization and customization increases, powder coatings will be more widely used in furniture, automobiles, electronic products and other fields. As an environmentally friendly, durable and diversified coating material, powder coating has a bright future. With the improvement of people's requirements for quality and environmental protection, powder coating will show a broader market space in various fields and become an important development direction of the coating industry. I believe that in the near future, powder coating will become the mainstream product of the coating industry and make greater contributions to the construction of a green and environmentally friendly society. Ettume is an innovative powder coating company. We have always been committed to the green and environmentally friendly decoration mission with zero V0C emissions of powder coatings. We are more focused on R&D innovation in the high-end market and the application possibilities in emerging fields. We are in the leading position in the "oil to powder" super trend. With deep technical background and original thinking-guided development model, the main products are: Powder Coating, Color Oil Lacquer, Metal Powder Coating, Fluorocarbon Powder Coating, Polyester Powder Coating, Epoxy Polyester Powder Coating, etc., which are widely used in various fields of life such as automotive parts, motorcycle accessories, electrical furniture, general machinery, building materials, etc.

The most common dust explosions are coal powder, flour, wood powder, sugar powder, corn powder, potato powder, dry milk powder, aluminum powder, zinc powder, magnesium powder, sulfur powder and so on. Dust explosion conditions, such as: (1) The dust itself must be flammable, the more flammable the dust to produce an explosion; (2) The dust must have a considerable specific surface area, and the finer the powder, the easier it is to explode; (3) The dust must be suspended in the air and mixed with the air to form a mixture within the explosion limit (4) Sufficient ignition energy. In the powder spraying equipment, the powder concentration is very high, the powder particle size is small, has a large specific surface area, and is mixed with air, but the powder explosion in the powder coating production has not been reported. Sometimes there is no powder coating explosion (ignition energy is enough) case, from this on the other hand, it can be proved that the construction safety of powder coating is higher than that of liquid coating, and it is generally difficult to achieve sufficient conditions for dust explosion. The dust explosion safety of powder coating mainly lies in the composition of powder coating: no volatile flammable and explosive solvent, the content of organic matter in the powder is 50-70%, and the pigment fillers such as titanium dioxide and barium sulfate in the light powder are non-combustible. From the explosion hidden danger, powder containing metallic pigments (such as silver) and black powder containing flammable fillers are more risky, and should be paid attention to!

2. Safety hazard cases and prevention 2.1 Electrostatic Shock The main harm of electrostatic shock is the psychological shock, the instant strong current makes people have a strong local electric shock. When powder spraying, continuous electrostatic shock makes people worry about the leakage of equipment, starting from the consciousness of self-protection and the subconscious psychological effect of spraying equipment. Some employees no longer want to work as duster operators after being shocked several times by static electricity. 2.1.1 The device is Improperly grounded. The static electricity on the device cannot be released in time, and after it accumulates to a certain extent, the electric shock occurs through human contact, which is no different from the feeling of equipment leakage. 2.1.2 Powder spraying containing metallic pigments. When metal colored powder is added to metal powder in the post-mixing mode, the accumulation of metal particles in the powder inside and outside the spray gun will produce a continuous conductive layer, which will guide the continuous static electricity at the front end of the spray gun to the body surface, and form a conductor with the ground. The current density at the fingertip of the conductor is large, resulting in electric shock sensation. It is necessary to clean the metal powder inside and outside the manual spray gun in time to reduce the chance of electric shock. 2.1.3 Wear chemical fiber clothing and high-insulation shoes. High surface resistance of chemical fiber clothing accumulation charge can not be released at any time, high insulation shoes (such as thicker organic material soles and chemical fiber upper materials made of sports shoes) is not conducive to static electricity release, charge accumulation through the finger and conductor contact and electric shock. Natural materials such as cotton clothing, leather shoes or special antistatic clothing, electrostatic shoes can prevent electrostatic shock. 2.1.4. Dry winter. In summer, the skin is more exposed, and the surface of the human body is not easy to accumulate static electricity because it is rich in moisture and sweat, and electrostatic shock rarely occurs. In winter, the clothing is thicker (wool, chemical fiber clothing is more), and the dry environment leads to the skin surface, the surface of the object is dry, easy to accumulate too much static electricity, electrostatic shock phenomenon. Special antistatic clothing can reduce electrostatic hazards and ensure the safety and health of spraying workers. 2.2 Dust explosion of powder coating

Many media have not seen the powder coating dust explosion reports, which is a reflection of the safety of paint coating. There were too many cases of powder fire in the powder coating process, some fires made the production line completely scrapped, and some powders were disposed of in time after burning, without brewing a greater fire. The phenomenon of spark discharge in the painting process is related to the voltage of spray gun, distance of spray gun, grounding resistance and other factors, and the harm of automatic spray gun loosening and falling off is greater. The ignition conditions of different powders are different, and the ignition coefficient of fine powders is larger. Dust hazard is the main health threat of powder coating. Some measures to reduce dust hazard are put forward to make powder coating have 5E characteristics. 1. Preface Powder coating is used by more and more enterprises to decorate and protect products because of its distinct advantages. Compared with paint coating, solvent-free volatilization and low risk of explosive combustion are its safety advantages. Powder coating needs to be implemented by high-voltage electrostatic method, and the construction equipment is more complicated than liquid coating. Due to the existence of high-voltage electrostatic electric field and the overflow of fine solid dust, powder coating has its special safety and labor protection requirements.

Powder coating is a coating product that shows a tendency to caking at a certain temperature, which is widely used in some professions, and the reason why powder coating shows a tendency to caking is mainly because the resin and leveling agent on the side of the coating will soften when heated. So in the process of using powder coating, how should we prevent the coating from showing caking? Treatment of powder coating caking method: 1. When polyester resin is produced, select some alcohols or acids that can improve its glass transition temperature, or reduce the amount of alcohols that can reduce the glass transition temperature of the resin to improve the glass transition temperature of the polyester resin. 2. Reduce the use of low glass transition temperature polymers in powder coating formulation planning, such as leveling agents and long face agents, to ensure that the glass transition temperature of the coating system will not drop. 3. In terms of production, the broken pieces should be cooled sufficiently before entering the grinding process, and the feeding speed should be reduced and the inlet air volume should be increased to control the grinding temperature.